Dolutegravir 50 mg, Lamivudine 300 mg, Tenofovir Disoproxil 245 mg Tablets

DOVATO is a fixed-dose combination of the HIV‑1 antiretroviral agents, dolutegravir and lamivudine [see Microbiology (12.4)].

The Cmax, Ctrough, and AUCtau parameters of the components of DOVATO are provided in Table 6.

The absorption, distribution, and elimination pharmacokinetic parameters of the components of DOVATO are provided in Table 7.

Specific Populations — No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of the components of DOVATO were observed based on age, sex, or race. Pharmacokinetic data for dolutegravir and lamivudine in subjects 65 years of age and older are limited.

Patients with Renal Impairment: The pharmacokinetics for the individual components of DOVATO have been evaluated in patients with renal impairment. See the U.S. prescribing information for the individual components, TIVICAY (dolutegravir) and EPIVIR (lamivudine).

Patients with Hepatic Impairment: The pharmacokinetics for the individual components of DOVATO have been evaluated in patients with varying degrees of hepatic impairment. See the U.S. prescribing information for the individual components, TIVICAY (dolutegravir) and EPIVIR (lamivudine).

Pediatric Subjects: In adolescents receiving DOVATO, dolutegravir and lamivudine exposures were higher as compared to adults; however, the differences in exposure were not considered clinically significant. Lamivudine and dolutegravir exposures were within the observed ranges at the recommended doses in adults and pediatrics receiving the individual components of DOVATO (Table 8).

Pregnant women: Lamivudine: Lamivudine pharmacokinetics were studied in 36 pregnant women during 2 clinical trials conducted in South Africa. Lamivudine pharmacokinetics in pregnant women were similar to those seen in non-pregnant adults and in postpartum women. Lamivudine concentrations were generally similar in maternal, neonatal, and umbilical cord serum samples.

Drug Interaction Studies — Clinical Studies: No drug interaction studies were conducted with DOVATO. The drug interaction studies described below were conducted with dolutegravir or lamivudine when used alone. Table 9 summarizes the effects of dolutegravir on the pharmacokinetics of coadministered drugs. Table 10 summarizes the effect of other drugs on the pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir when used alone and Table 11 summarizes the effect of sorbitol on the pharmacokinetics of lamivudine when used alone.

No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir (organic anion transporter [OAT]1 and OAT3 substrates) or para-amino hippurate (OAT1 and OAT3 substrates) were observed when coadministered with dolutegravir.

No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were observed when coadministered with lamivudine.

No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of lamivudine were observed when coadministered with trimethoprim (MATE1, MATE2-K, and OCT2 inhibitor)/sulfamethoxazole, interferon alfa, or ribavirin.

In Vitro Studies Where Drug Interaction Potential Was Not Further Evaluated Clinically: Dolutegravir: Dolutegravir does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP3A. Dolutegravir does not induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4.

Dolutegravir is a substrate of UGT1A3 and UGT1A9. Dolutegravir does not inhibit UGT1A1 or UGT2B7.

Dolutegravir is a substrate of BCRP and P-gp. Dolutegravir does not inhibit P‑gp, BCRP, bile salt export pump (BSEP), organic anion transporter polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1, multidrug resistance protein (MRP)2, or MRP4. Dolutegravir is not a substrate of OATP1B1 or OATP1B3.

Lamivudine: Lamivudine is a substrate of P-gp and BCRP. Lamivudine does not inhibit OATP1B1/3, BCRP, P-gp, MATE1, MATE2-K, OCT1, OCT2, or OCT3.

3TC is a synthetic nucleoside analogue with activity against HIV-1 and HBV. Intracellularly, 3TC is phosphorylated to its active 5’‑triphosphate metabolite, lamivudine triphosphate (3TC-TP). The principal mode of action of 3TC‑TP is inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) via DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleotide analogue.

TDF is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diester analog of adenosine monophosphate. TDF requires initial diester hydrolysis for conversion to tenofovir and subsequent phosphorylations by cellular enzymes to form tenofovir diphosphate. Tenofovir diphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and HBV reverse transcriptase by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate and, after incorporation into DNA, by DNA chain termination. Tenofovir diphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases α, β, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ.

After oral administration of 2 mg/kg of 3TC twice a day to 9 adults with HIV-1, the peak serum 3TC concentration (Cmax) was 1.5 ± 0.5 mcg/mL (mean ± SD). The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) and Cmax increased in proportion to oral dose over the range from 0.25 to 10 mg/kg and absolute bioavailability in 12 adult patients was 86% ± 16% (mean ± SD) for the 150-mg tablet and 87% ± 13% for the oral solution. Binding of 3TC to human plasma proteins is low (< 36%). Within 12 hours after a single oral dose of 3TC in 6 HIV-1-infected adults, 5.2% ± 1.4% (mean ± SD) of the dose was excreted as the trans-sulfoxide metabolite in the urine. The majority of 3TC is eliminated unchanged in urine by active organic cationic secretion and the observed mean elimination half-life (t1/2) ranged from 5 to 7 hours in most single-dose studies with serum sampling for 24 hours after dosing.

Following oral administration of a single 300-mg dose of TDF to HIV-1-infected subjects in the fasted state, maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) were achieved in 1.0 ± 0.4 hrs (mean ± SD) and Cmax and AUC values were 296 ± 90 ng/mL and 2287 ± 685 ng•hr/mL, respectively. The oral bioavailability of tenofovir from TDF in fasted subjects is approximately 25%. Less than 0.7% of tenofovir binds to human plasma proteins in vitro and the binding is independent of concentration over the range of 0.01 to 25 mcg/mL. Approximately 70 to 80% of the intravenous dose of tenofovir is recovered as unchanged drug in the urine. Tenofovir is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion with a renal clearance in adults with normal renal function of 243 ± 33 mL/min (mean ± SD). Following a single oral dose, the terminal elimination half-life of tenofovir is approximately 17 hours.